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---
layout: post
title: Science in Fiction
categories: ["ideas"]
---
Diving into some of the ways in which Science Fiction can incorporate the concepts of dimensions of space and time, and at the same time stay grounded to actual science.
--------
## 4th Dimension of Space
**1. Objects can appear out of nowhere, and vanish as if they never existed**
Consider passing a 3d cone through a 2d flat plane (a paper). If the cone is passed with respect to the plane as shown in the diagram, the intersection of the paper with the cone would produce a circle on the paper. Initially the circle would be the same as the base of the cone. As the cone is pushed further, the size of the circle would reduce, until it becomes a point. And then it completely vanishes, because the cone is now below the paper
![4d_CrossSection]({{site.base_url | absolute_url}}/public/img/4dcrosssection.png)
A 2 dimensional being occupying the paper would see a circle appear out of nowhere in their world and then disappear (In reality, the 2 dimensional being would only see a straight line from their point of view. Multiple different 2 dimensional observers would also see the same, and therefore infer that the shape was actually a circle). This would be really confusing for 2 dimensional beings if they were not aware of the existence of the third dimension - that would be the height in this case.
Extending this for the 4th dimension, a 4th dimensional being could push objects through 3 dimensional space, and we would be spooked out!
**2. You can see everything in 3d space at once from 4d space**
Consider the same paper as the 2 dimensional world. The Blue circle is a 2 dimensional being with Green colored internal organs. This person has a secret Red colored vault inside their house. Money in their world is Maroon colored rectangles. From the perspective of the Pink eyes of this being, they would look at a Red straight line. Once inside the vault, they would see maroon straight lines. By looking at it at different angles, and feeling it, this being will come to understand that the Maroon colored object is a rectangle and is therefore money.
![4d_AllAtOnce]({{site.base_url | absolute_url}}/public/img/4dallatonce.png)
There are a couple of things to reflect on.
1. The view of the 2 dimensional being is always one dimensional in a given direction. They have other means to perceive depth. This is similar to how we, the 3 dimensional beings, always strictly see a flat object, but because we have 2 eyes, are able to make out the depth and picture a 3 dimensional object in our brain.
2. Any being cannot see through opaque objects. You cannot see the internal organs of your friend. You cannot see how much money the bank vault holds just by looking at the door. All this is true for our Blue being too. However, as a 3 dimensional being, we are able to look right through everything. We can see 2-d money inside a 2-d vault. We can see the internal organs of a 2-d being.
We might as well push our hand through into the 2d world, take some money. The money would vanish causing panic for the 2d beings. We can then push the money to a different place in their world. Money disappearing from one place and appearing elsewhere is definitely going to cause the 2d beings to resurrect their superstitious beliefs in the supernatural, if they are not scientifically literate enough!
## Time Travel
There are 2 well-understood time dilation effects. Time dilation is the difference in the elapsed time as measured by two clocks.
**1. Due to relative velocity**
Let’s assume there are two people A and B. A is in motion relative to B. Both A and B would experience time. A would measure B’s time to be flowing slower than A. Likewise, B would measure A’s time and conclude it ticks slower than that of B.
When both A and B stop, they would each see that time flows the same for both of them. There will not be any difference in how A or B had aged, and both of them would probably report that the same amount of time had passed for themselves and also report that a lesser amount of time had passed for the other person.
This is a counterintuitive effect that is bound to impress anyone when first encountering. However, I personally don’t see a way to make this time travel. Maybe we could arbitrarily say that moving faster slows time for the person, but that doesn’t follow from this particular mode of time dilation and would therefore fall into the realm of magic.
**2. Due to gravity**
Let’s now assume, A and B are in different gravitational fields. Time flows slower for the person experiencing a greater gravitational force. If A gets close to a black hole in the earth year 2022, stays in its gravitational field for a year (one year with respect to A), and comes back to earth, he might instead see earth in 2032, or some future date.
From the perspective of the person nearer to the gravitational field, they have jumped a number of years in future by spending fewer years near a black hole.
This is time travel!
The problem is that this type of travel is not instantaneous, as one would like. Moreover, this cannot be used to travel backwards in time.
A counterpart to this would be to spend, let’s say 1 year of one’s time, in an area of very low gravitational field and then come back to earth to see that only one month has passed. The protagonist could train themselves for a boxing competition in short notice for instance. This could be a plot device to correct the protagonist’s age to their correct age after any forward jumps so that they can lead a happy life with their loved ones.
## Science Fiction
The 4th dimension of space looks a bit overpowered in itself - as anyone who possesses it could traffic in all sorts of criminal activities, without leaving evidence. They could rob banks all day long without any effort - just appear inside a vault, take the money, and jump to the 4th dimension. It would be interesting to see how this is explored in science fiction.
With regards to time travel, only the second option listed above would appeal to me as science fiction. It would not be possible to go near a black hole and survive for a year, but if such a technology is assumed to be invented in the future as the fiction in the story, it makes perfect sense to consider that work as science fiction. However, such science fiction is generally boring as one would normally want to go back to the past, or future, to learn something and use it to their advantage in the present.
Most interesting time travel stories also try to incorporate some kind of closed loop in them - and different versions of the same person from different time periods might often be working together without their knowledge. For example, the protagonist gets saved from their enemies because of a distraction. The protagonist then shortly afterwards gets access to a time travel device that allows travel to the past. They then travel backwards in time to create the distraction in the first place. All these, however, do break causality and create a lot of paradoxes leaving the plot unconvincing.
Such stories, that involve a backwards jump in time, while interesting, don’t appeal to me as science fiction. They might involve scientists, secret labs, crazy experiments, references to existing establishments devoted to scientific enquiry (CERN or NASA) and ‘woo-woo’ explanations of scientific concepts - a string of science sounding words put together that doesn’t mean anything. As long as the main plot device used in the story, that is used to move the story forward, does not draw from existing science, I classify such stories as magic-fiction. They are no different from the world of Lord of the Rings or Harry Potter.
I would be remiss if I did not mention Multiverses. The Multiverse Theory hypothesizes existence of multiple parallel universes. A fictional faster than speed of light travel device could help one travel to the same point in a different universe. Exploring alternate universes would make for an exciting adventurous story. One advantage that alternate universes provide writers , over exploring other planets in our universe, is the possibility of looking at a slightly different version of the same person, setting, and relationships in a different universe.

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---
layout: post
title: The Quantum Series
categories: ["books"]
---
A summary of the books and analysis of some of the plot points in the Quantum trilogy by the American author Douglas Phillips.
--------
The first few sections are spoiler free, and there is a warning before you read any spoilers.
## Quantum Incident
The prologue introduces us briefly to a couple of main characters in the subsequent books. Daniel Rice is a science investigator and Nala Pasquier is a scientist in a private organisation working on a government project. We are introduced to a demonstration of interaction between the 4th dimension of space with the real world.
## Quantum Space
The 4th dimension of space and its relation with the 3rd dimension is explained in detail. The fiction is well within the imagination of the reader. The premise is that of a Spacecraft accidentally vanishing upon re-entry into orbit. The treatment is an extension of the book *[Flatlands](https://blog.neophyte.me/books/2020/12/17/flatlands/)* and is similar to my previous article *[Science in Fiction](https://blog.neophyte.me/ideas/2022/01/26/sciencefiction/)*. The book mainly deals with 3 characters - Daniel, Nala and Marie, and how they investigate and retrieve the spacecraft.
## Quantum Void
This book tries to provide explanations around where the 4th dimension of space exists and what is present around it. I couldn’t wrap my head around this concept and couldn’t make any logical conclusions further down the story based on what was explained previously. There are definitely a few logical inconsistencies over the course of the book. Often the science part is ignored and we are left with plain magic. Some of the scientific explanations did go over my head and sounded like something that the author concocted in an attempt to provide a logical explanation for an extraordinary event.
The probabilities of quantum particles - quantum particles do not have a specific position, but a probability graph on where they could be - applied to the macro world was an amusing part of the story.
There is also an exploration of life on other parts of the Universe that I thoroughly enjoyed reading - especially one from a certain planet. We are also presented with a social hierarchy in that planet and probably a political statement on how the workers are treated in that planet.
We are also made more sensitive to the following two facts.
1. Human cultures, rituals are arbitrary - life everywhere is bound to come up with their own set of eccentric practises.
2. Scientific method of investigation and research is the way to progress for a society. Scientific discoveries can have major economic impacts and one must not neglect science even in the face of other pressing issues to solve.
(*Going on a tangent here! Skip if you are busy*)
This reminded me of the scientific discovery of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - the fact that the nuclei of different atoms resonate differently to magnetic fields. This was made by a Physicist with no background in medicine. However, the MRI scan is now the most potent medical device to look into a human body without cutting one open. A politician talking about how useless scientific investment is, when we could invest on solving poverty (for instance) fails to understand that this particular discovery would save millions of lives in the future.
> Books 1 and 2 introduce a lot of scientific concepts to the reader.
## Quantum Time
My personal favourite of the three, even though I felt this movie to be the most close to magic in a science fiction setting as opposed to science fiction.
As the name suggests, this deals with time travel and, apart from the host of paradoxes that comes with any time travel fiction, this was an entertaining read throughout. The book presents a dark future of totalitarianism in America controlled by a religiously dogmatic “party”. The entire plot with the overlapping events was definitely gripping and stimulating even with a lot of causal paradoxes. The description of the state also gave off similar vibes as the book 1984 by George Orwell.
## Summary
Even though there are plot holes, the main characters temporarily going out of character, and logical inconsistencies, I enjoyed reading this trilogy for the most part. I’ve come to understand that writing Science fiction is definitely hard.
> This particular article, with the spoiler heavy analysis below, is in no way intended to discourage the reader to pick up this book or belittle this book. I strongly believe this book is going to influence a lot of new science fiction stories and movies and TV shows.
In my opinion, this trilogy is going to stick out for a long time in its treatment of space time. I would definitely recommend reading this. If you are short on time, I would at least encourage you to pick up Quantum Time (you would have to ignore parts that reference the relationship of the characters from the previous books).
## Discussion of the plot
The below section is spoiler heavy. Stop reading if you are intent on reading the books. If you are not going to read the books, the below section won’t make any sense to you. If you have already read the books, proceed!
![YouShallNotPass]({{site.base_url | absolute_url}}/public/img/shallnotpass.png)
1. In _Incident_, we are shown an experiment demonstrating that light from the 4th dimension reaching into the 3rd. However, in Void, Nala is not able to interact much with the 3rd dimension from the 4th.
2. In _Space_, Marie, who is shown to be an intelligent woman, however, on the topic of suspecting Nala for lying, Marie suspends logic and immediately takes her side, even uttering something to the effect of “Women are never wrong”.
3. In _Void_, the smoke from the factories are supposed to get into the 4th dimension. However, it is not shown what technology is being used to make that movement. If smoke can continuously go out of the 3rd dimension into the 4th, why can’t any human just walk into the device and get out into the 4th?
4. In both _Space_ and _Void_, the expansion of space in the 4th dimension is shown to be accompanied by a corresponding contraction in the 3rd dimension (at least that is how I understood it even after a couple of reads). However, we are never shown a contraction and its effect in the 3d world.
5. In _Void_, Marie being allowed to get close to and jump into singularity was a bit unconvincing. Having identified a singularity, one would expect strong protection around it.
6. In _Time_, the FBI plays an important role. But why were they not present in Void when the singularity was causing problems?
7. The law of probabilities are shown to affect the 4th dimensional space. However, it shouldn't have affected Marie even before she jumped into the singularity. In reality, she places the headband down and jumps in. She should not be having the headband in _Void_
8. In _Time_, the Prime minister, President and the German chancellor discuss time travel with Daniel directly, instead of leaving the experts in the field to do the talking.
9. In _Time_, the Goldilocks zone is described as though it is a zone from the perspective of the center of the galaxy, as opposed to the center of a star system. But then, the book goes on to explain that the planets such as Jupiter and Mercury cannot have life because of this. From the center of the galaxy., I would assume that the distances between the planets within the solar system is so small, that all the planets of the solar system would be in the Goldilocks zone.
10. In _Time_, Daniel acknowledges that science was too far removed from the life of the average man. However, in Void, the discussions gave me a vibe such a view being illogical (as I’ve explained above). Such a statement from the protagonist felt unnecessary to me and caused confusion as to what his actual stance is on the subject.
11. In _Time_, Daniel disproves multiverse theory by a watch - stating that by finding the watch in the same configuration, Daniel has reached the future of the same past that he started from. While this observation is correct, the conclusion is not. Daniel simply might have reached the same future this time. Maybe the device that he uses to travel can only travel within the same universe it started from. The Multiverse theory posits that there are multiple universes far out of reach of one other. This particular conclusion gave me an impression that Daniel wasn’t as scientific literate or logical as he is shown to be so far.
12. There is a lot of informational inconsistency in _Time_. It is acknowledged that changing the past changes the future. But often, changing the past is made possible only because the future is not yet changed. An explanation given is that all time exists all the time and the change in the events is like a wave from the past to the future. In the first wave events could have turned out one way. In the second wave, new set of events could take place in the same palace based on differences in decisions made by the characters - which would eventually change the future. But it is not made clear where the wave starts and where it ends.
This section was aimed at only to spark off discussion or thoughts in the reader on these parts. In all fairness, this is a fantastic book that has led me to investigate deeply into some of these scientific concepts and some thought provoking discussions with friends on these plot devices.

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